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null (Ed.)Although the increased expression of members of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan family, such as neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), have been well documented after an injury to the spinal cord, a complete picture as to the cellular origins and function of this NG2 expression has yet to be made. Using a spinal cord injury (SCI) mouse model, we describe that some infiltrated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMΦ) are early contributors to NG2/CSPG4 expression and secretion after SCI. We demonstrate for the first time that a lesion-related form of cellular debris generated from damaged myelin sheaths can increase NG2/CSPG4 expression in BMDMΦ, which then exhibit enhanced proliferation and decreased phagocytic capacity. These results suggest that BMDMΦ may play a much more nuanced role in secondary spinal cord injury than previously thought, including acting as early contributors to the NG2 component of the glial scar.more » « less
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Abstract Tight junctions form a selectively permeable barrier that limits paracellular flux across epithelial‐lined surfaces. Small molecules (less than ∼8 Å diameter) can traverse the junction via the size‐ and charge‐selective, high‐conductance pore pathway. In contrast, the low‐conductance leak pathway accommodates larger macromolecules (up to ∼100 Å diameter) and is not charge‐selective. Flux across the tight junction–independent, high‐conductance, non‐selective, unrestricted pathway occurs at sites of epithelial damage. Cytokines can regulate each of these pathways, but commonly used measures of barrier function cannot discriminate between tight junction regulation and epithelial damage. This article describes methods for culturing intestinal epithelial cell monolayers and assessing the impact of cytokine treatment on leak and unrestricted pathway permeabilities. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Basic Protocol 1 : Generation and culture of cell monolayers in TranswellsBasic Protocol 2 : Assessment of cytokine (IFNγ and TNF) treatment effects on barrier functionSupport Protocol : Immunofluorescent staining of monolayersBasic Protocol 3 : Multiplex flux assay
